[47], Governor Violante Beatrice and the Dowager Electress, following the former's sojourn in Rome, in spite of their mutual dislike of each other, attempted to ameliorate Gian Gastone's decadent public image together. This is the reason why they are considered the first marketers of art in modern history. In 1743, the last member of the family that had ruled Florence for almost 300 years died a slow and painful death. [19] Thus, he went to Prague alone but for his suite and favourite attendant, Giuliano Dami. Upon hearing of Anna Maria Luisa's intention to return, Violante Beatrice prepared to depart for Munich, her brother's capital, but Gian Gastone wished her to stay, so she did. The last act closes on Gian Gastone, their cynical younger son, bedridden in the Pitti Palace, a florid figure of despair, with the Powers of Europe ever on the alert for the . Today it hosts several museums that show the Medici's collections, including their costumes and a vast Palatine Gallery with . Sign up and get your dose of art history delivered straight to your inbox! However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. [10] In fact, contemporaries thought her traits to be a combination of those of her father and paternal grandmother, Vittoria della Rovere. Furthermore, he despised his familys penchant for ostentation and authoritarian desires, and so he likely chose to commission very few portraits of himself. Her remains were interred in the Medicean necropolis, the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, which she helped complete. They rose to the highest ranks of Florentine society. Despite these hindrances, Gian Gastone, aged 52, commenced his reign with a burst of ebullience, releasing prisoners, abolishing exorbitant taxes, "Pensions on the Creed" (monies paid to converts to Christianity) and public executions. [4] It is thought incorrectly by some historians that soon after arrival she contracted syphilis from the Elector, which they think explains why Anna Maria Luisa and Johann Wilhelm failed to produce any children. He derived his baptismal name, Giovanni Battista Gastone, from his maternal grandfather, Gaston, Duke of Orlans. [32][33][34] In May 1716, Charles VI, who constantly changed his stance on the issue, told Florence that the Electress's succession was unquestioned, but added that Austria and Tuscany must soon reach an agreement regarding which royal house was to follow the Medici. A political family drama set in Florence in the early fifteenth century. [57] In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici's to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis the union produced no offspring, which, combined with her siblings' barrenness, meant that the Medici were on the verge of extinction. Contents. A few days ago I attended a lecture by Professor Tim Blanning on the subject of the European context of Viscount Fitzwilliam's stupendous bequest to the University of Cambridge in 1816. As Grand Prince Ferdinando, Gian Gastone's elder brother, predeceased Cosimo III, Gian Gastone succeeded his father in 1723. [32] To complicate things further, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma, the second wife of Philip V of Spain, as a great-granddaughter of Margherita de' Medici, exercised a claim to Tuscany. When he tried returning to Florence in 1698, his father blocked his return and sent him back to Bohemia. Much has been written about the phenomenal career of the early Medici: and there are many biographies of Lorenzo the Magnificent, Cosimo I, and the Medicean Popes. Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. The Medici produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leon XI), and their genes have been passed through many of Europe's royal families. [38], The Tuscany Gian Gastone inherited was in a pitiful state: the army numbered less than 3,000, the royal coffer was empty and Florence was full of beggars. Please try again. Lorenzo de' Medici, byname Lorenzo the Magnificent, Italian Lorenzo il Magnifico, (born January 1, 1449, Florence [Italy]died April 9, 1492, Careggi, near Florence), Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici. 21: in early youthThe Florentine CourtCardinal Gian Carlo . Currently divorced, Ottaviano has three children, Cosimo . Medici: Created by Nicholas Meyer, Frank Spotnitz. She realized that with no one to carry on their bloodline, the authority of Tuscany would fall to Francis of Lorraine. The last Medici ruler died without a male heir in 1737, ending the family dynasty after almost three centuries. See more ideas about renaissance portraits, italian renaissance, renaissance. Every contribution, however big or small, is very valuable for our future. [4] Francis Stephen duly succeeded at Gian Gastone's demise, on 9 July 1737, ending almost 300 years of Medici rule over Florence. (Francis was forced to surrender Lorraine to Stanisaw Leszczyski, the losing claimant to the Polish throne. Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). "[27] Cosimo III conceded defeat and recalled Gian Gastone to Florence in 1708; he never saw his wife again. Furthermore, he despised his familys penchant for ostentation and authoritarian desires, and so he likely chose to commission very few portraits of himself. [9] Cosimo III did not like the idea of a French marriage, and never devoted himself fully to the cause (she was later rejected). Learn more about the program. This study, though, serves as a memorial to what once was fairly common--works written by the deeply learned man of letters in a witty and non-judgmental manner (don't think Strachey and his condescending and thinly researched, Eminent Victorians). 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[43] Here, Gian Gastone was entertained by the Ruspanti, a team of poor, handsome young men assembled by Dami, who performed sexual acts for and with the Grand Duke. During this time, he frequently hosted men, was often ill, and struggled with alcoholism. The Medici line was then extinct. Perhaps Never miss DailyArt Magazine's stories. There are no discussion topics on this book yet. The Last Medici, at first blush, doesn't seem promising: once proud family brought low by a surfeit of heterosexual and homosexual acts (i.e., syphillis and sodomy). Giuliano Dami and Gian Gastone. We dont share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we dont sell your information to others. This is a renowned study of the last members of the Medici family. (Cosimo had hitherto been outranked by the Duke of Savoy much to his angerwho derived royal status from his successful pretendership to the abolished Cypriot throne). Pursuant to preliminary peace terms negotiated in 1735 (but not finalized until after Gian Gastone's death with the 1738 Treaty of Vienna), Charles surrendered Parma and the claim to the Tuscan throne to Francis III of Lorraine in exchange for being crowned king of Naples and Sicily. Sorry, there was a problem loading this page. The Grand Duke tired of the Princess of Saxe-Lauenburg's stubborn ways. [61] As a result, he was sincerely mourned by his people. In addition to ending oppressive policies, he fixed the national debt, separated church and state by removing corrupt religious officials from the government, and energized the agricultural, commercial, and industrial economies. [36], On 4 April 1718, England, France and the Dutch Republic (and later Austria) selected Charles of Spain, the elder child of Elisabeth Farnese (a great-granddaughter of Margherita de' Medici) and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir, the Electress's rights to the throne being completely disregarded in the process. But she left the family treasures to Florence. [22] Anna Maria Franziska greeted Rinuccini warmly, and implied that Gian Gastone pawned some of her jewels to ameliorate his gambling debts. [57] One of his final acts was to order the erection of a statue of Galileo Galilei, who was patronised by his great-grandfather Cosimo II and his grandfather Grand Duke Ferdinando II, in the Basilica of Santa Croce. 15. Unfortunately, much of what is written about the final Medici ruler casts him in a negative light, criticizing his sexual activities with men and conflating his decision to seclude himself from the public as being a weak leader. By the time of the Spanish withdrawal, the Grand Duke was dying from "an accumulation of diseases". Gian Gastone, who came to power in 1723 and led a life of debauchery, died without any heirs. It ensured that all the Medicean art and treasures collected over nearly three centuries of political ascendancy remained in Florence. 221: over the . , ISBN-10 For most, these three words conjure up images of Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo de Medici, or the many artists and artworks patronized by the wealthy Renaissance family. The Medici dynasty begins in 1434 and ends in 1737, when the last Medici dies. Ginevra Cavalcanti 2 episodes, 2016 Giusy Buscemi . [13] They were married in Dsseldorf, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, by the Bishop of Osnabrck on 2 July 1697. Anna Maria Luisa de Medici, the last of the Medici family, was born in 1667 from Cosimo III de Medici and Marguerite Louise d'Orleans.She was an educated woman, a lover of music, theatre and art. [14] As she did not like cities or courts, Anna Maria Franziska demanded they establish themselves in her Bohemian residences, Ploskovice Castle and Reichstadt (Zkupy), post-haste.[15]. [5] The enmity between them continued until 26 December 1674; after all attempts at conciliation failed, a stressed Cosimo consented to his wife's departure for the Convent of Montmartre, France. When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of nominal regent of Tuscany, but she declined. [60] The Electress Anna Maria Luisa inherited all of the House of Medici's allodial possessions, but in accordance with the wishes of the great powers, Francis of Lorraine succeeded to the title Grand Duke of Tuscany. [54], After the War of the Polish Succession broke out in 1733, Charles marched a Spanish army south and defeated the Austrians holding the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. 95336 Homes for Sale. Excerpt from John T. Paoletti and Gary M. Radke, Art in Renaissance Italy: p. 220: The Medici: The rise to power of the Medici in Florence began in 1418 when Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 1360-1429) became the banker to the papacy and established the wealth of the family on a sure footing.Giovanni's son, Cosimo (1389-1464), steadily increased the control of his family /p. [35], In June 1717, Cosimo declared his wish that the House of Este should succeed the Electress. [13] The bride-to-be was hailed as "more like a Bohemian peasant than a princess" by a contemporary. [63] His remains were interred in the Medicean necropolis, the Basilica of San Lorenzo. His widow, Anna Maria Luisa, returned to Florence in October 1717. You can learn more about him here. 44: 27 other sections not shown. Spain zealously endorsed its candidate, Charles of Spain, who had been made heir by the powers in 1718 but did not enjoy universal recognition; Austria would not accept another Bourbon monarch in Italy. Please try again. Subscribe to DailyArt Magazine newsletter, Celebrating the Male Body in Renaissance Florence. On 9 July 1737, in the fourteenth year of his reign, the last Medicean Grand Duke expired. [31] Cosimo III deposited a bill in the Tuscan senate, the nominal legislature, provisioning for a male line succession failure by making the Electress Palatine Gian Gastone's heiress. Johann Wilhelm surprised her at Innsbruck, where they officially married. Giorgio Vasari, Apotheosis of Cosimo I, 1563-1565, Palazzo Vecchio Museum, Florence, Italy. The only condition was that none of it could be sold. Share This Paper. Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. [16] The lack of intellectual society there and his wife's hostility towards him drove Gian Gastone into the arms of alcohol. )[55] Neither the Grand Duke nor Francis III were consulted. [66] Sixteen years after her death, the Uffizi Gallery, built by Cosimo the Great, the founder of the Grand Duchy, was made open to public viewing. Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1, 1449 - April 9, 1492) - called Il Magnifico (The Magnificent) - is probably the most well-known member of the Medici family; he was the son of Piero de' Medici and Lucrezia Tornabuoni and the grandson of Cosimo the Elder.. Giovanni Gaetano Gabbiani, Official portrait of Anna Maria Franziska von Sachsen-Lauenburg as Grand Duchess of Tuscany, 1726, Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Official portrait of Anna Maria Franziska von Sachsen-Lauenburg as Grand Duchess of Tuscany, By doing so, he ended the authoritarian stronghold his father held over the nation and created a Florence that was more inclusive and more in line with the, , 1563-1565, Palazzo Vecchio Museum, Florence, Italy. Upon accomplishing his goals, the Grand Duke transferred his duties to Governor Violante Beatrice and decided to live the rest of his life separate from public life in 1729, choosing to live in his bedroom until death. A contemporary dubbed the head of the Ruspanti, Giuliano Dami, "the despot of Gian Gastone's court"; he exploited his influence with the Grand Duke by offering anybody who was willing to bribe him an audience with their monarch. [5] An alcoholic, Gian Gastone drank too much before the ceremony and vomited repeatedly throughout; he had to be carried unconscious back to the Palazzo Pitti, the royal palace, on a litter. During the Renaissance, many different substances were used . The Palatinate Anna Maria Luisa arrived in was ravaged by the ongoing Nine Years' War, in which Louis XIV assaulted the Palatinate on behalf of his brother, Philippe of France, Duke of Orlans, occupying the city of Philippsburg in the process. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. 95242 Homes for Sale $568,587. Refresh and try again. Their power was at its height in the 1400s and 1500s, when they ruled the city of Florence, Italy . Furthermore, after the French occupied Tuscany in 1799, the public lamented their desire to have the late Medici ruler return to the throne, despite him being dead for 62 years. [48] Rumours abounded that the Grand Duke had died; it was a rarity for the public to see him. The most significant of the Medici families currently are the Medici Tornaquinci and the Medici di Ottajano. [34] However, France and England did. Full of brilliant colour, rich comedy and lurid tragedy, "The Last Medici" is at the same time a scientific contribution to the records of an extraordinary and unforgettable period. In 1737, in the fourteenth year of his reign, the Basilica of Lorenzo... A Princess '' by a contemporary significant of the last member of the that. 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